Body Building, Weightlifting, Muscle Gain, Weight Loss, Nutrition

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Mechanism for Decreasing Body Fat Mass

Scientific knowledge to date indicates that CLA has two main sites of action: the adipocytes the principle site where fat is stored) and the skeletal muscle cells (the principle site where fat is burned for energy).

Studies have shown that CLA decreases the activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL*). LPL is the enzyme that transfers triglycerides from the blood into the adipocytes for storage; triglycerides are the form in which most fat exists in food as well as in the body. Simultaneously, CLA also stimulates lipolysis, or the breakdown of stored triglyceride, in the adipocytes (Park et al., 1997).*

CLA has also been shown to increase adipocyte apoptosis.* Apoptosis, also called cell suicide, is the disintegration of fat cells. By increasing the rate of apoptosis, CLA is able to decrease the number of existing fat cells (Evans et al., 2000).*

Additional studies have demonstrated that carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) activity is increased with CLA. CPT is the enzyme that transports fatty acids into the mitochondria where they are used to make energy. By increasing the activity of CPT in the skeletal muscles, CLA is able to increase the transport of fat into the mitochondria. This process leads to an increase in the rate of energy production from fat, called beta-oxidation (Park et al., 1997).*

Based on this foundation of understanding, it has been proposed that CLA decreases body fat mass by:

• decreasing the amount of fat that is stored after eating
• increasing the rate of fat breakdown in fat cells
• increasing the rate of fat metabolism
• decreasing the total number of fat cells

Together, these four actions lead to a decrease in adipocyte number and size, which consequently results in body fat mass decrease.

TONALIN® CLA Future Research and Benefits

Initial research in cells, animals, and humans suggests that CLA may have other valuable benefits in human health, including the improvement of immune health (Cook et al., 1993; Miller et al., 1994; Hayek et al., 1999), heart health (Lee et al., 1994; Deckere et al.,1995; Nicolosi et al., 1997; Gavino et al., 2000), and maintenance of normal blood glucose levels (Houseknecht et al., 1998; Ryder et al., 2001; Belury, 2003). Future and ongoing studies will elucidate these, as well as other health benefits associated with TONALIN® CLA.

Safety and Long-Term Use

CLA is a naturally occurring fatty acid found in our diet. In a long-term study, subjects consuming 3.4g TONALIN® CLA for 12 months reported no adverse events associated with taking CLA. This finding is further corroborated by previous clinical studies that also reported no adverse events associated with TONALIN® CLA in studies lasting from 4-24 weeks.

*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

References

Belury, M.A., Mahon, A., and Banni, S. The conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomer, t10c12-CLA, is inversely associated with changes in body weight and serum leptin in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Nutr. 2003; 133, 257S-260S.

Berven, G., Bye, A., Hals, O., Blankson, H., Fagertun, H., Thom, E., Wasstein, J, and Gudmundsen, O. Safety of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in overweight or obese human volunteers. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol. 2000; 102, 455-462.

Blankson, H., Stakkestad, J.A., Fagertun, H., Thom, E., Wadstein, J., and Gudmundsen, O. Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat mass in overweight and obese humans. J Nutr. 2000; 130, 2943-2948.

Cook, M.E., Miller, C.C., Park, Y., and Pariza, M. Immune modulation by altered nutrient metabolism: nutritional control of immune-induced growth depression. Poult Sci. 1993; 72, 1301-1305.

de Deckere, E.A.M., van Amelsvoort, J.M.M., McNeill, G.P., and Jones, P. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers on lipid levels and peroxisome proliferation in the hamster. Br J Nutr. 1999; 82, 309-317.

Evans, M. Geigerman, C.,, Cook, J., Curtis, L., Kuebler, B., and McIntosh, M. Conjugated linoleic acid suppresses triglyceride accumulation andinduces apoptosis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Lipids. 2000; 35, 899-910.

Gaullier, J-M., Halse, J., Hoye, K., Kristiansen, K., Fagertun, H., Vik, H., and Gudmundsen, O. Efficacy and safety of one-year supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid in moderate overweight. 20003, in preparation.

Gavino, V.C., Gavino, G, Leblanc, M.J., Tuchweber B. An isomeric micture of conjugated linoleic acids but not pure cis-9, trans-11-octadecadienoic acid affects body weight gain and plasma lipids in hamsters. J Nutr. 2000; 130, 27-29.

Hayek, M.G., Han, S.N., Wu, D.Y., Watkins, B.A., Meydani, M., Dorsey, J.L., Smith, D.E., and Meydani, S.D. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid influences the immune responses of young and old C57BL,6NCrlBR mice. J Nutr. 1999; 129, 32038.

Houseknecht, K.L., Vanden Heuvel, J.P., Moya-Camarena, S.Y., Porocarrero, C.P., Peck, L.W., Nickel, K.P., and Belury, M.A. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid normalized impaired glucose tolerance in the Zucker diabetic fatty fa/fa rat. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998; 244, 678-682.

Lee, K.N., Kritchevsky, D., and Pariza, M.W. Conjugated linoleic acid and atherosclerosis in rabbits. Atherosclerosis. 1994; 108, 19-25.

Miller, C.C., Park, Y., Pariza, M.W., and Cook, M.E. Feeding conjugated linoleic acid to animals partially overcomes catabolic responses due to endotoxin injection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994; 198, 1107-1112.

Nicolosi, R.J., Rogers, E.J., Kritchevsky, D., Scimeca, J.A., and Huth, P.J. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid reduces plasma lipoproteins and early aortic atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic hamster. Artery. 1997; 22, 266-277.

Park, Y., Albright, K.J., Liu, W., Cook, M.E., and Pariza, M.W. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body composition in mice. Lipids. 1997; 32, 853-858.

Riserus, U., Berglund, L., Vessby, B. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduced abdominal adipose tissue in obese middle-aged men with signs of the metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Obesity. 2001; 25, 1129-1135.

Ryder, J.W., Portocarrero, C.P., song, X.M., Cui, L., Yu, M. Combatsiaris, T., Galuska, D., Bauman, D.E., Barbano, D.M., Charron, M.J.m Zierath, J.R., Houseknecht, K.L. Isomer-specific antidiabetic properties of conjugated linoleic acid- improved glucose tolerance, skeletal muscle insulin action, and UCP-2 gene expression. Diabetes. 2001; 50, 1149-1157.

Smedman, A., and Vessby, B. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in humans- metabolic effects. Lipids. 2001; 36, 773-781.

Thom, E., Wadstein, J., and Gudmundsen O. Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat in healthy exercising humans. J Int Med Res. 2001; 29, 392-396.